TY - Generic T1 - Hydrology's part in the war effort T2 - 11th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1943 A1 - Bernard, M.l KW - Hydrology planning, Wartime effort AB -

Hydrologic planning is proven to be an indispensable part of expanding industry and agricultural production demands even with drought conditions to keep pace with the World War II demands. Flood control works are hurriedly constructed and flood warning systems are increased with more attention given to the forecasts and warnings. Ground water supplies are mapped and potential uses for increased demands on municipal and agricultural demands. Hydrologists are consulted for air-field construction, snow removal and data necessary to support the military installations. The importance of consistent hydrologic records through war and peace is a means of being able to meet the demands of hydrologists nationwide when there is hydrologic planning to be done by the construction engineers and others.

JF - 11th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 11th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part III: CY - Corvallis, Oregon UR - /files/PDFs/1943Bernard.pdf ER - TY - Generic T1 - A new technique for the deterination of heat necessary to melt snow T2 - 9th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1941 A1 - Bernard, M.l A1 - Wilson, W.T. KW - Calorimetry, Snow quality, Snowpack physics AB - A quantitative determination of the heat of melting of snow was devised by the U.S. Weather Bureau. A snow sample is added to a measured quantity of hot water of known temperature in a calorimeter. The difference between initial volumes of water indicates the amount of snow in the sample. The temperature difference shows the amount of heat necessary to melt the snow. A ratio of the heat of melting, in cal/gr to the 80 cal/gr of latent heat of fusion, is designated as quality of snow. Observations indicate a wide variation in snow quality. Coarse grainy snow has a minimum quality of 70-80%; new snow, of fine particle size, has qualities of less than 50%. Tables include data from experiments conducted in New York State. Photos illustrate a field sampling kit for snow quality measurements. JF - 9th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 9th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part I-B: CY - Sacramento, California ER - TY - Generic T1 - Progress toward a rational program of snow melt forecasting T2 - 9th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1941 A1 - Bernard, M.l KW - Snow melt research AB - The problem of utilizing the natural storage of water by snow fields is compared to artificial storage by dams. The amount of water available must be determined and the rate of release or withdrawal must be evaluated. Observational facilities should be provided to determine the amount of water in the snow pack and to study the melting processes. heat transfer by convection and radiation between the snow surface and the overlying atmosphere is considered an important factor. An organization chart for future research studies is exhibited. JF - 9th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 9th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part I-B: CY - Sacramento, California ER - TY - Generic T1 - Progress report on mountain snowfall program of the Weather Bureau T2 - 8th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1940 A1 - Bernard, M.l A1 - Codd, A.R. KW - Precipitation gages, Shielded storage gages AB - Modern stations are equipped with batteries of 3-5 shielded storage precipitation gages. The gages, include shields and support stands, are of all metal construction and may be equipped with a clock mechanism capable of running 30 days without attendance and furnishing a record of precipitation, rain or snowfall. The gages are charged with a solution of calcium chloride with a film of oil to prevent freezing or evaporation. The gage stands may be as high as 20 ft. depending on the probable amount of snow depth at the location. A statistical analysis of the records of 47 stations over a 2 year period indicates that the batteries of gages may be reduced from 5 to 3 without loss of accuracy. A classification of hydrological stations is given and mountain snowfall stations are mapped. Detail construction of the metal stands and shields are show in a sketch. JF - 8th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 8th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part I-B: CY - Stanford, California ER - TY - Generic T1 - Outline of Weather Bureau Northeast states winter sports service T2 - 6th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1938 A1 - Bernard, M.l KW - Winter sports reporting service, Winter sports snow conditions, Winter sports snow nomenclature AB - An outline is presented for developing a winter sports reporting service by the Weather Bureau. Snow conditions are to be gathered from seven districts, assembled and reported by radio, telegraph, and news papers throughout the Northeast states. Outlets will also be from the District Weather Bureau offices as indicated on the location map. A check list reporting form is shown and a revised nomenclature of snow conditions with a coding procedure for economy in telegrams and teletype messages. Samples of summary snow sports bulletins together with weather forecasts for the area involved are illustrated and shown.Discussion by several authorities of the Western states is included. JF - 6th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 6th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part I: CY - Los Angeles, California ER -