TY - Generic T1 - Benefits of snow surveying T2 - 19th Annual Western Snow Conference Y1 - 1951 A1 - Clyde, G.D. A1 - Houston, C.E. KW - Economics, Snow survey benefits, Snow survey economics AB - Several examples are used to show the benefits derived from the work being conducted by the Soil conservation service in the Federal-State-Private Cooperative snow surveys and irrigation water forecasting. Nearly 200 different organizations participate in the program through the contributed funds, labor or data. The method used by the Soil Conservation service to measure the water in the snow storage reservoir for establishing a relation between snow cover and runoff is explained. Typical benefits derived from the use of snow surveys and streamflow forecasts are cited, such as reservoirs operated for irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, recreation and other beneficial conservation uses are shown.Discussion by W.A. Lang, J.R. Riter, F.B. Blanchard and G.W. Templeton. JF - 19th Annual Western Snow Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 19th Annual Western Snow Conference PB - Western Snow Conference CY - Victoria, British Columbia ER - TY - Generic T1 - The Utah snow-mobile T2 - 12th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1944 A1 - Clyde, G.D. KW - Oversnow vehicles, Utah snowmobile AB - The two basic principles making the Utah snowmobile successful for transportation over deep snowpack are the split track and the guide runner. The excessive weight of an ordinary tractor was overcome in the Utah Snow-mobile by mounting wide, light metal tracks on the rubber tires of an ordinary automobile. The tracks were wide to reduce the unit load on the snow surface. Snow packing between the tracks and the wheels was overcome by designing a split track with the wheels operating between the two segments of the track. This arrangement provided a self-cleaning device, preventing accumulation of snow between the tracks. Conventional steering tends to overturn the vehicle when one track was stopped. A movable runner, projected in front of the vehicle, operated on fixed swivel at the end of a frame which was rigidly fastened to the chassis. This runner was operated through a cable-chain mechanism fastened to the steering column of the vehicle. Photographs show the mechanical design and features of construction, also transportation over highways. Specifications and performance records are listed. JF - 12th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 12th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part I: CY - Berkeley, California ER - TY - Generic T1 - Soil moisture studies as an aid in forecasting runoff from snow cover T2 - 8th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1940 A1 - Clyde, G.D. KW - Capacitance instrument, Soil moisture measurements AB - The determination of soil moisture at the beginning of the accumulatin period and the melt period provides an index of water required to prime the soil in any given year. An improved soil moisture indicating device was developed at the Utah State Agricultural College, to make these determinatins quickly and accurately. The instrument is based on the principle that the capacity between 2 plates separated by a porous ceramic dielectric material depends on the moisture content of the dielectric material. Capacity measurements of a cell which reaches moisture equilibrium with the surrounding soil are converted into moisture percentages of the soil. The cell can be burried undet the heavy snow pack with the lead wires brought up from the cells to a terminal block in a steel pipe, above the depth of the anticipated snow at the station. The soil moisture measurement provides an index for correcting snow cover runoff to compensate for earth mantle losses. JF - 8th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 8th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part III-B: CY - Seattle, Washington UR - sites/westernsnowconference.org/PDFs/1940aClyde.pdf ER - TY - Generic T1 - Cost and benefits of snow surveying in Utah T2 - 5th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1937 A1 - Clyde, G.D. KW - Economics of snow surveys AB - Utah’s irrigation water supply is largely dependent upon the size of the winter snow pack stored in the high mountain of the central portion of the state. The type of farm crops are variable in their water requirements. With sufficient accurate foreknowledge of the probable water supply, crops can be selected for economical planting and use of waterThe drought year of 1934 was probably the most serious in western history. Advance information of this condition was indicated by snow survey measurements. A water conservation program was immediately organized with a crash program by Press and Radio information. Strict adherence to regulations and the full cooperation of the farmers resulted in a saving of over $5,000,000 by economical use of water. Supplementary supplies were organized from well drilling in the Bear River Basin resulting in a crop saving of another $3,000,000 in that area alone.Such savings warrant the cost of snow surveys for many years. JF - 5th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 5th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part II: CY - Davis, California ER - TY - Generic T1 - Establishing snow courses for representativeness, permanence, and continuity of record T2 - 5th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1937 A1 - Clyde, G.D. KW - Snow course location AB - Snow courses should be located in uniform and fairly well protected areas such as, level open forests, parks, or closed basins above winter melting lines. The ground surface should not show signs of standing water and far enough from creeks or stream banks that there is no chance of early flooding. Sample intervals are usually 50 to 100 feet apart. The number of samples usually 10 or 20 are sufficient. Better to have several courses of 10 samples at intervals of altitude than one long course in a basin. It is recommended that courses be accurately mapped, marked cleared, and described on data sheets. Snow survey record sheets should be kept up to date. Consistent records can be obtained more readily if courses are accessible, or if suitable shelter cabins are available. Pictures and sketch maps of courses are shown; also an assortment of data collections sheets, and marker signs for courses. JF - 5th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 5th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part II: CY - Denver, Colorado ER - TY - Generic T1 - Soil-absorption and its effect on streamflow forecasts in Utah T2 - 4th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1936 A1 - Clyde, G.D. KW - Soil absorption, Soil moisture measurement AB - Basic factors affecting relationships of snow cover to runoff, and in particular, results of quantitative measurements of the moisture absorption from the snow cover are discussed. The annual absorption loss is neither a constant quantity nor a percentage, but a function of the permeability of and the percentage of moisture in, the soil at the start of the melting season, of the water-holding capacity of the soil, and the melting rate of the snow cover. The percentage absorption is higher during years of light snow cover. Soil-moisture determinations under the snow cover at the beginning of the melt period may furnish an absorption correlation factor valuable for use in making streamflow forecasts. Theories advanced are illustrated by data within text analysis. JF - 4th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 4th Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Part II: CY - Pasadena, California ER - TY - Generic T1 - Introductory remarks - problems for discussion T2 - 1st Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference Y1 - 1933 A1 - Clyde, G.D. KW - Snow surveying organization AB -

Snow survey and water supply forecasting projects in Utah with the cooperation of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station at Logan, Utah, is described. The difficulties of finding reliable relations of rainfall and snow data to runoff data are discussed. The probable use of water supply forecasts by many operation agencies such as: Forestry; irrigation; power generation; navigation; and flood control are explained. The need for refinement of field equipment and procedures to assure accurate data and consistent results presents many problems. Cooperation between federal, state, municipal agencies and private companies should be encouraged and organized.

JF - 1st Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference T3 - Proceedings of the 1st Annual Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference PB - University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin CY - Reno, Nevada ER -