Evolution of a research-oriented snowmelt-runoff simulation model into an operational forecasting tool

Although many snowmelt-runoff models are proposed, only a few make it to the stage of true operational application in the forecast mode.There are many pitfalls and barriers that must be overcome to successfully transform a research model into an operational product. Such evolution is a gradual process with many aspects to consider. Some important considerations are model complexity, user compatible software, operational requirements, availablitity of required input data, forcasts of meteorological data, simulation and forecast reliability, applicability in geographically diverse areas, and realtime updating capabilities. Experiences with the snowmelt-runoff model (SRM), which requires remote-sensing inputs, are used as examples of the evolutionary process. The current status on SRM will be examined, and specific forecasting situations will be illustrated on the Upper Rio Grande basin of Colorado.