Detection of Reversal of the Magnetic Field of the Sun in Snowfall Records in the Sierra, Rocky and Cascade Mountain Ranges of the Western United States

The major driving forces of winter precipitation, in the form of snow, in the Sierra, Rocky, and Cascade mountain ranges are shown in this paper to be the reversal of the sun's magnetic field and a statistically independent "carrier" signal being generated by the Earth's large-scale atmospheric circulation parameters. We present wavelet analyses of several long-term Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) records from the Sierra, Rocky, and Cascade mountain ranges and found linkages between sunspots (i.e., the magnetic activity of the sun), and SWE. It is important to note the 11 year and 22-year visible sunspot cycles are NOT found in the SWE data, but rather, we found evidence of a Sun-Earth magnetic carrier suppressed amplitude modulation system that modulates the formation of the snowpack resulting in the generation of signals detected in the SWE records. The ISSN data were selected to match the Water Year (1 October to 31 March) and signed to account for the magnetic polarity of the sunspots. It is important to note the magnetic cycle of the sun is not 11 years but rather it requires the sum of two sunspot cycles, which is approximately 22 years, to return to its original magnetic polarity. The resulting ISSN series was demodulated using suppressed carrier amplitude modulation methods and correlated to the corresponding SWE series. The correlation coefficient amongst each of the stations in similar climate regions is surprisingly high, which suggests SWE variation is regionally correlated and that each of these sites experiences the same forcing function. The resulting comparison suggests the "footprint" of the sun is detected in the SWE data; and, it appears to be a forcing mechanism in the drought cycle of the Sierra, Rocky, and Cascade mountain ranges in the western United States. (KEYWORDS: snowpack, sunspots, solar magnetic reversal, rotational, cosmic).